Even while we were still on the plane, looking through a guidebook to Malta, we decided that it would be nice to visit Marsaxlokk. It is an old, traditional fishing village on Maltaโs south-eastern coast, best known for its picturesque harbour, colourful fishing boats and Sunday market. Fish and local produce can be bought here at almost every turn.
***
Jeszcze w samolocie, kiedy oglฤ daliลmy przewodnik po Malcie, postanowiliลmy, ลผe fajnie byลoby pojechaฤ do Marsaxlokk. To stara, tradycyjna wioska rybacka na poลudniowo-wschodnim wybrzeลผu Malty, znana przede wszystkim z malowniczego portu, kolorowych ลodzi rybackich i niedzielnego targu. Ryby i lokalne produkty moลผna tu kupiฤ niemal na kaลผdym kroku.

But the market was not what we were going there for. Our reason was much more prosaic, and at the same time considerably more peculiar. The name: Marsaxlokk. We simply had to find out how it was actually pronounced.
The name looked so exotic that it might have been lifted straight out of a Thorgal comic. That was the association it brought to mind for us, as long-time fans of The Land of Qa. It sounded slightly magical, slightly ancient, and slightly as though it belonged to another world.
And yet Maltese turned out to be surprisingly logical in this respect. Unlike English, its spelling is relatively phonetic, although, of course, that does not mean that every letter always and invariably corresponds to a single sound. Our guide had simplified things somewhat.
The Maltese have their own alphabet based on the Latin alphabet, but with a few distinctive additions. Officially, it consists of 30 graphemes, including ฤ, ฤก, gฤง, ฤง, ie and ลผ. One of the letters is x, which in Maltese is pronounced like the Polish sz, or [ส]. And suddenly the exotic-looking Marsaxlokk starts to sound rather familiar: more or less Marsaszlok. In phonetic transcription, it can be rendered as /mar.saสหlษk/.
Interestingly, the name itself is not simply a random jumble of exotic-looking letters. It consists of two parts: marsa, meaning a harbour or anchorage (as in Marseille) and xlokk, meaning south-east. Xlokk is also associated with the name sirocco, the hot wind that blows from the south-east. So Marsaxlokk is, in a sense, simply โthe harbour of the south-eastโ.
***
Ale my wcale nie jechaliลmy tam dla targu. Powรณd byล znacznie bardziej prozaiczny, a jednoczeลnie bardziej osobliwy. Nazwa: Marsaxlokk. Trzeba byลo koniecznie sprawdziฤ, jak to siฤ wลaลciwie wymawia. Nazwa wyglฤ daลa tak egzotycznie, jakby zostaลa wyjฤta prosto z komiksu o Thorgalu. Tak nam siฤ skojarzyลa jako dawnym fanom Krainy Qa. Trochฤ magiczna, trochฤ antyczna, trochฤ nie z tego ลwiata. A tymczasem maltaลski okazaล siฤ pod tym wzglฤdem zaskakujฤ co logiczny. W odrรณลผnieniu od angielskiego jego zapis jest stosunkowo fonetyczny, choฤ oczywiลcie nie oznacza to, ลผe kaลผda litera zawsze i bez wyjฤ tku odpowiada jednemu dลบwiฤkowi. Nasz przewodnik trochฤ to uproลciล. Maltaลczycy majฤ zresztฤ wลasny alfabet oparty na alfabecie ลaciลskim, ale wzbogacony o kilka charakterystycznych znakรณw. Oficjalnie liczy on 30 grafemรณw, wลrรณd ktรณrych sฤ miฤdzy innymi ฤ, ฤก, gฤง, ฤง, ie i ลผ. Jednฤ z liter jest teลผ x, ktรณre w maltaลskim wymawia siฤ jak polskie โszโ, czyli [ส]. I nagle caลe to egzotyczne Marsaxlokk zaczyna brzmieฤ swojsko: mniej wiฤcej Marsaszlok. W zapisie fonetycznym moลผna to oddaฤ jako /mar.saสหlษk/. Co ciekawe, sama nazwa nie jest wcale przypadkowym zlepkiem egzotycznie wyglฤ dajฤ cych liter. Skลada siฤ z dwรณch czฤลci: marsa, oznaczajฤ cej port lub przystaล, (podobnie jak Marsylia) oraz xlokk, czyli poลudniowy wschรณd. Xlokk wiฤ ลผe siฤ teลผ z nazwฤ sirocco, gorฤ cego wiatru wiejฤ cego z poลudniowego wschodu. Czyli Marsaxlokk to w pewnym sensie po prostu โport poลudniowego wschoduโ.

Maltese is a European language that, at first glance, looks a little like a mixture of Italian, English and Arabic, when in fact it is a Semitic language. It is the only Semitic language that is an official language of the European Union, and the only Semitic language written in the Latin alphabet. Its structure therefore has more in common with Arabic than with Italian or English, although centuries of contact have also left it with numerous Italian and English influences.
***
Maltaลski jest jฤzykiem europejskim, ktรณry na pierwszy rzut oka wyglฤ da trochฤ jak mieszanka wลoskiego, angielskiego i arabskiego, a w rzeczywistoลci jest jฤzykiem semickim. Jest jedynym jฤzykiem semickim bฤdฤ cym jฤzykiem urzฤdowym Unii Europejskiej i jedynym jฤzykiem semickim zapisywanym alfabetem ลaciลskim. Jego struktura ma wiฤc wiฤcej wspรณlnego z arabskim niลผ z wลoskim czy angielskim, choฤ przez wieki znalazลy siฤ w nim rรณwnieลผ bardzo liczne wpลywy wลoskie i angielskie.

Several characters in Maltese immediately reveal just how different the language is. ฤ sounds like the cz in Polish, ฤก like dลผ, j like the Polish j, roughly the sound of the English y in yes, while ฤง is a strong, guttural h. Particularly mysterious is gฤง. Historically, this was the spelling of a distinctive Semitic consonant which, in modern Maltese, is often no longer pronounced as a separate sound. It still affects the pronunciation of neighbouring vowels, however, and remains an important part of Maltese orthography.
There is also q, which looks completely harmless to a Pole but in Maltese represents a glottal stop, a sound similar to one that occurs in some languages in place of a consonant. And then there is ie, which is treated as a single vowel even though it is written with two letters.
And one more thing: ลผ. This is where a Pole might briefly feel at home. Except that the similarity is somewhat deceptive. Maltese ลผ represents the sound [z], our ordinary z, rather than the Polish ลผ. Meanwhile, Maltese z can represent either [ts] or [dz], depending on the word.
In other words, even when the alphabet looks familiar, you cannot always trust it.
Take Maltese ลผona, for example. A Pole looks at it and thinks: โWell, surely this word needs no explanation.โ And yet it does. Maltese ลผ is pronounced like the Polish z, so ลผona sounds roughly like zona and means โareaโ or โzoneโ. Thus, for example, ลผona industrijali simply means an industrial area.
***
W maltaลskim kilka znakรณw od razu zdradza tฤ odmiennoลฤ. ฤ brzmi jak polskie โczโ, ฤก jak โdลผโ, j jak nasze โjโ, czyli mniej wiฤcej angielskie y w yes, a ฤง jest mocnym, gardลowym โhโ. Szczegรณlnie zagadkowe jest gฤง. To historyczny zapis charakterystycznej spรณลgลoski semickiej, ktรณra we wspรณลczesnym maltaลskim czฤsto nie jest juลผ wymawiana jako osobny dลบwiฤk, ale nadal wpลywa na wymowฤ sฤ
siednich samogลosek i pozostaje waลผnym elementem ortografii. Jest teลผ q, ktรณre dla Polaka wyglฤ
da zupeลnie niewinnie, a w maltaลskim oznacza zwarcie krtaniowe, dลบwiฤk podobny do tego, ktรณry w niektรณrych jฤzykach pojawia siฤ zamiast spรณลgลoski. Z kolei ie traktowane jest jako jedna samogลoska, mimo ลผe zapisuje siฤ jฤ
dwoma literami.
I jeszcze jedno: ลผ. Tu Polak moลผe poczuฤ siฤ przez chwilฤ jak u siebie. Tyle ลผe to podobieลstwo jest trochฤ zdradliwe. Maltaลskie ลผ oznacza dลบwiฤk [z], czyli nasze zwykลe โzโ, a nie polskie โลผโ. Z kolei maltaลskie z moลผe oznaczaฤ [ts] albo [dz], zaleลผnie od wyrazu. Innymi sลowy: nawet kiedy alfabet wyglฤ
da znajomo, nie zawsze moลผemy mu ufaฤ. Weลบmy choฤby maltaลskie ลผona. Polak patrzy i myลli: โNo dobrze, tego sลowa chyba nie trzeba nikomu tลumaczyฤโ. A jednak trzeba. Maltaลskie ลผ wymawia siฤ jak polskie โzโ, wiฤc ลผona brzmi mniej wiฤcej zona i oznacza obszar. Wiฤc, na przykลad ลผona industrijali to po prostu teren czy obszar przemysลowy.

Although names such as Marsaxlokk, Birลผebbuฤกa, Gฤงargฤงur, Xgฤงajra and ลปurrieq initially look like spells from a fantasy novel, once you learn a few basic pronunciation rules, they lose some of their mystery.
Which is a shame, really, because โMarsaxlokkโ sounds as though a warrior carrying a sword ought to appear at any moment, followed by a mysterious portal to another world.
The town itself turned out to be considerably more down-to-earth and very Maltese. It was crowded, noisy and colourful, probably partly because we had arrived around market time. Restaurants line the waterfront, with tables spilling out onto the pavement, while in front of them lies a harbour full of traditional Maltese fishing boats: the distinctive luzzus, with the Eye of Osiris painted on their bows. The sea is really part of the town here. You do not simply look at it from a distance; it is constantly right there, within armโs reach.
***
Choฤ nazwy jak Marsaxlokk, Birลผebbuฤกa, Gฤงargฤงur, Xgฤงajra czy ลปurrieq poczฤ
tkowo wyglฤ
dajฤ
jak zaklฤcia z fantasy, to po poznaniu kilku zasad wymowy tracฤ
trochฤ ze swojej tajemniczoลci. A szkoda, bo โMarsaxlokkโ brzmi przecieลผ tak, jakby za chwilฤ miaล siฤ pojawiฤ jakiล wojownik z mieczem i tajemniczy portal do innego ลwiata.
Samo miasteczko okazaลo siฤ znacznie bardziej przyziemne i bardzo maltaลskie. Byลo tลoczno, gwarno i kolorowo, zapewne takลผe dlatego, ลผe trafiliลmy w okolice targu. Wzdลuลผ nadbrzeลผa ciฤ
gnฤ
siฤ restauracje z wystawionymi na chodnik stolikami, a przed nimi rozciฤ
ga siฤ port peลen tradycyjnych maltaลskich ลodzi rybackich, charakterystycznych luzzรณw z okiem Ozyrysa na burcie. Morze jest tu wลaลciwie czฤลciฤ
miasteczka, nie oglฤ
da siฤ go z oddali, tylko caลy czas ma siฤ je na wyciฤ
gniฤcie rฤki.

The church in the centre naturally catches the eye. Malta is truly remarkable in this respect. Its churches are not only numerous; they often dominate the towns around them, standing right in the centre, along the main streets, with their distinctive faรงades and domes.
This is hardly surprising. Catholicism has played a very important role in the history and culture of the country. The sheer scale of it is impressive. Apparently, there are more than 300 churches and chapels across the Maltese islands, which means that visiting one a day would take almost an entire year.
***
Uwagฤ zwiedzajฤ cych zwraca oczywiลcie koลciรณล w centrum. Malta jest pod tym wzglฤdem naprawdฤ niezwykลa. Koลcioลy sฤ nie tylko liczne, ale czฤsto dominujฤ nad zabudowฤ miejscowoลci, stojฤ w samym centrum, przy gลรณwnych ulicach, z charakterystycznymi fasadami i kopuลami. Nie jest to zresztฤ przypadek. Katolicyzm odgrywa bardzo waลผnฤ rolฤ w historii i kulturze kraju. Skala tego zjawiska robi wraลผenie. Podobno na wyspach znajduje siฤ ponad 300 koลcioลรณw i kaplic, wiฤc odwiedzanie jednego dziennie zajฤลoby wiฤc niemal caลy rok.






